Is Astrology Considered as a Science
Astrology is an art of predicting or determining the influence of planets and stars to human life and science is a systematic body of knowledge based on facts.
Considering the definition of astrology and science above,I can that astrology is a system that deter mines the luck of an individual in his everyday life.It exist until now because some people define it as a science because one area of astrology is a star,a star that we study for some discoveries not for our horoscope and science that support the given problem that is related to knowledge
Saturday, October 9, 2010
ASSIGNMENTS
Why studying History of Science Is Important?
-To know how something was discovered
-To know who invented a particular thing and for us to give them an appreciation and record as well
-For us to understand how different fields of science were developed who is the proponent of it
-To know the evolution of science
Why Renaissance Boom?
The discoveries during Renaissance Period boom because before this period,the spirit of invention seemed fell down because of the battle and war during the medieval age.
During Renaissance,the people of this time pursue to have a progress again in their community as well as in their invention.the people seemed did rebirth because they started all over again.
Universal advance in Science in the 20th Century
Who Among the Inventors Contributed a Lot?
Based on the inventions during 20th century,I can say that the best one was Karl Popper because he was the one who developed Scientific Method.It is obviously helpful to us because this is the method that helps us in solving such as a particular problem especially in science.This scientific method,we apply it in our study while we are experimenting.
Pascal's Triangle
Quasars
A quasi-stellar radio source ("quasar") is a very energetic and distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus. They are the most luminous objects in the universe. Quasars were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.
Presentation
Why studying History of Science Is Important?
-To know how something was discovered
-To know who invented a particular thing and for us to give them an appreciation and record as well
-For us to understand how different fields of science were developed who is the proponent of it
-To know the evolution of science
Why Renaissance Boom?
The discoveries during Renaissance Period boom because before this period,the spirit of invention seemed fell down because of the battle and war during the medieval age.
During Renaissance,the people of this time pursue to have a progress again in their community as well as in their invention.the people seemed did rebirth because they started all over again.
Universal advance in Science in the 20th Century
Who Among the Inventors Contributed a Lot?
Based on the inventions during 20th century,I can say that the best one was Karl Popper because he was the one who developed Scientific Method.It is obviously helpful to us because this is the method that helps us in solving such as a particular problem especially in science.This scientific method,we apply it in our study while we are experimenting.
Pascal's Triangle
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients in a triangle. It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in much of the Western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in Greece, India, Persia, China, and Italy.[1]
The rows of Pascal's triangle are conventionally enumerated starting with row n = 0 at the top. The entries in each row are numbered from the left beginning with k = 0 and are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows. A simple construction of the triangle proceeds in the following manner. On row 0, write only the number 1. Then, to construct the elements of following rows, add the number directly above and to the left with the number directly above and to the right to find the new value. If either the number to the right or left is not present, substitute a zero in its place. For example, the first number in the first row is 0 + 1 = 1, whereas the numbers 1 and 3 in the third row are added to produce the number 4 in the fourth row.
Presentation
Quasars
A quasi-stellar radio source ("quasar") is a very energetic and distant galaxy with an active galactic nucleus. They are the most luminous objects in the universe. Quasars were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies.
Presentation
Friday, October 8, 2010
SCIENCE IN THE 19TH CENTURY
-Appears as a GOLDEN AGE-
Science expanded successfully into new fields of mathematics and experiments in physics,the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and control the experimentation in biology.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MID-19TH CENTURY
-There were important breakthrough in
iron and steel technology
electricity
weapons (machine gun, bottle wagon,dynamite)
physics and chemistry
sociology,psychology and biology
DALTON
-English school master.Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
MENDELEEV
-Began to develop the table of elements.
PIERRE and MARIE CURIE
announce the discovery of this element
SIGMUND FREUD-In Psychology,he loook for the explanation for individual human behavior beyond the rational level.
CHARLES DARWIN
-In BIOLOGY,develop his theory of revolution.
PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
-HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED-electric current produces a magnetic field
-MICHAEL FARADAY-reverse effect
-JOSEPH HENRY-built the first powerful electromagnets and invented electric motor.
-JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE-first law of thermodynamics.
-WILHELM ROENTGEN-x-ray
-MARIE CURIE-Radio activity.
-Appears as a GOLDEN AGE-
Science expanded successfully into new fields of mathematics and experiments in physics,the application of theory to experiment in chemistry and control the experimentation in biology.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN MID-19TH CENTURY
-There were important breakthrough in
iron and steel technology
electricity
weapons (machine gun, bottle wagon,dynamite)
physics and chemistry
sociology,psychology and biology
DALTON
-English school master.Atoms were the smallest indestructible parts of matter.
MENDELEEV
-Began to develop the table of elements.
PIERRE and MARIE CURIE
announce the discovery of this element
SIGMUND FREUD-In Psychology,he loook for the explanation for individual human behavior beyond the rational level.
CHARLES DARWIN
-In BIOLOGY,develop his theory of revolution.
PROGRESS IN PHYSICS
-HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED-electric current produces a magnetic field
-MICHAEL FARADAY-reverse effect
-JOSEPH HENRY-built the first powerful electromagnets and invented electric motor.
-JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE-first law of thermodynamics.
-WILHELM ROENTGEN-x-ray
-MARIE CURIE-Radio activity.
ASTRONOMY
It is the study of celestial bodies or objects such as; stars, planets, comets and galaxies and its phenomena.
Greek word “ASTRON”-Stars “NOMOS”- Laws
Two major categories during the 20th century
· Observational Astronomy- Focused on acquiring data from observation which then analyzed by the aids of basic principles of physics.
· Theoretical Astronomy- Oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical objects and phenomena
Some Contribution of Early Civilization
Babylonian
Aristarchus
Hipparchus
Persians
Azophi
Egyptians
SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUALS
1. Inner Planets- consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
2. Asteroids Belts- composed of asteroids
3. Outer Planets- consists of giant gas planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
STELLAR ASTRONOMY
ORGANIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES
SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION
A. Greek Civilization
B. Persons who give contribution on the development of Science
1. Thales- matter was composed of convertible into water
2. Hippocrates- Father of Medicine
3. Aristotle- Classification of Plants and Animals
4. Pythagoras- Pythagorian Theorem
5. Archimedes- Principles of Lever and Pulley
6. Ptolemy- Geocentric Theory
C. Roman civilization
D. Romans that gives contributions in the field of Science
1. Pliny the Elder- only roman scientist that is celebrated. (scientific worker)
2. Galen- wrote 150 books on medicin. (physician)
3. Cleopatra- roman queen who uses cosmetics
STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY
EARLIEST COMMUNITIES
Live almost entirely in small nomadic communities
Surviving in his skills in hunting and fishing
Develop in tropical latitudes, especially in Africa
Move out thence into the subtropical regions and eventually into the land mass of Eurasia.
NEOLITIC REVOLUTION
Increase in population
Bigger in community
Beginning of town life, sometimes called as New Neolitic Revolution
Primitive man used: wood, bone, fur, leaves , grasses.
STONE
OTHER DEVICES INVENTED
FOOD PRODUCTION
Paleolitic
BUILDING TECHNIQUES
Impressive structure were created
Primary tombs
Burial, mounds and religious edifices
Sun-dried bricks for domestic housing.
MANUFACTURING
Grinding corn ( quern)- transport and communication
Baking clay (pottery)
Spinning and weaving textiles
Dyeing , fermenting ,and distilling
Gold, silver, copper, tin
Domestication of animals
Dugout canoe and brick- bark canoe.
THE URBAN REVOLUTION (3000-500 B.C.)
A very important cultural transition began.
Generated new needs and resources and accompanied by a significant increase in a technological innovation.
The beginning of the invention of the city.
CATEGORIES IN THE URBAN REVOLUTION.
I. Craftsmen and Scientist-
a. led to the search for the other metallic ores, to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure scientific metals ;
b. Rise of the first civilization
c. Summerian Astronomers.
Plotted the motion of heavenly bodies
Based calculations about calendar
Relationship between science and technology have emerged
II. COPPER AND BRONZE- Goldsmith the technique of heating the metal in credible over a strong fire and casting it into simple clay or stone
BRONZE- is the most important materials of the early civilization.
III. SEA TRNSPORATION – progress from sailing ship to vessels
IV. IRRIGATION- development of systematic irrigation
V. Urban manufacturing
Centered products such as:
Pottery
Wine
Oil
Cosmetics
ISLAMIC SCIENCE
Islamis culture is the most relevant to European science.
Greek -> Arabic -> Latin -> Hebrew
The Arabic culture and language spread afar : to Portugal, in the west and the frontiers of China in the east and over many degrees of latitude.
The most characteristic Arabic scientific developments were in: Alchemy, Math, Astronomyand Astrology, Medicine.
ALCHEMY
Medieval chemical art whose principal objectives were to find the panacea and to transmute based metals into gold.
RHAZES
MEDICINE
Rhazes- made the first distinction between measles and smallpox
Avicenna- Persian philosopher and physician, called the Prince of Physicians
The greatest Arabic contribution to Medicine is the introduction of the new vegetable drugs.
INDIAN SCIENCE
The Indian Civilization is about the oldest, still alive and it achieve a high level of technology of an early stage. The Science and Technology in India has something to do with ff:
- Agriculture
- India Astrology
- Zinc Metallurgy
- Mathematics List of Indian Invention and Discoveries Atonism
- According to Democritus the term Atomos means uncuttable, or the smallest invisible particle of matter.
- Dharmakirti and Dignaga, they consider atoms to be:
1. point size
2. duration less
3. made of energy Chandrasekhar limit and Chandrasekhar numbers.
- Discovered by the name after Subramanyan chandrasekhar, received novelty prize in physics. Universe
- the earliest known philosophical models of the universe found in Vedas. Indigo
- use as a dye in India Firearms
- by the 16th century India were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms.
CHINESE SCIENCE
-silk road an ancient trade route linking China with Rome Important Person Marco Pol0
-Venetian traveler and author, whose account of his travels and experiences in China offered Europeans a first hand view of Asian land and stimulated interests in Asian trade. Zu Chongzhi
- 15h century mathematician who calculated "pi" to the 7th digit Liu Ju-Hsieh
- mathematician who discovered Pascal's Triangle. Tao Ch'ien - a famous poet and philosopher who influenced the idea to discover an elixir and the science of medicine.
Four Great Inventions
Magnetic Compass
Printing Press
Gun Powder
Paper Making
Other Inventions Astronomy Mathematics Military Medicine.
It is the study of celestial bodies or objects such as; stars, planets, comets and galaxies and its phenomena.
Greek word “ASTRON”-Stars “NOMOS”- Laws
Two major categories during the 20th century
· Observational Astronomy- Focused on acquiring data from observation which then analyzed by the aids of basic principles of physics.
· Theoretical Astronomy- Oriented towards the development computer or analytical models to described astronomical objects and phenomena
Some Contribution of Early Civilization
Babylonian
- beginning of mathematical and scientific astronomy. They discovered the lunar eclipse recorded in repeating cycle known as a “saros”.
Greek (3rd B.C)
Aristarchus
- calculated the mass of the earth and measures the distance and the size of the moon and stars. He also the 1st to proposed a heliocentric model of the solar system.
Hipparchus
-invented the 1st and the earliest known astronomical/ device such as the “astrolabe”
“Antikythera Mechanism (150-80 BC) wasn early analog computer designed to calculate the location of sun, moon , and earth.
“Antikythera Mechanism (150-80 BC) wasn early analog computer designed to calculate the location of sun, moon , and earth.
Persians
Azophi
- discover the Andromeda alaxy and described in his “ Book of Fixed Stars”
Egyptians
- ALI IBN RIDWAN – first discovered the Supernova 1006, the brightest apparent magnitude stellar event recorded the history.
SOLAR SYSTEM INDIVIDUALS
1. Inner Planets- consists of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
2. Asteroids Belts- composed of asteroids
3. Outer Planets- consists of giant gas planets such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
STELLAR ASTRONOMY
- Study of stars and its formation
EXTRA GALLACTIC ASTRONOMY
EXTRA GALLACTIC ASTRONOMY
- Study of objects outside the galaxy
GALMETRIC ASTRONOMY
GALMETRIC ASTRONOMY
- study of galaxies.
ORGANIZATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES
1. Elliptical Galaxy- cross-sectional
2. Spiral Galaxy- flat-rotating disc
3. Irregular Galaxy- chaotic appearance.
2. Spiral Galaxy- flat-rotating disc
3. Irregular Galaxy- chaotic appearance.
SCIENCE IN GREEK AND ROMAN CIVILIZATION
A. Greek Civilization
– emerged around 1100 B.C. Early Greeks have been fully-developed basic elements of Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Geography and Medicine.
B. Persons who give contribution on the development of Science
1. Thales- matter was composed of convertible into water
2. Hippocrates- Father of Medicine
3. Aristotle- Classification of Plants and Animals
4. Pythagoras- Pythagorian Theorem
5. Archimedes- Principles of Lever and Pulley
6. Ptolemy- Geocentric Theory
C. Roman civilization
- time of Julius Caesar (102-44 B.C) It is said that Romans were poor in Science but contributed a lot in the fields of infrastructure.
D. Romans that gives contributions in the field of Science
1. Pliny the Elder- only roman scientist that is celebrated. (scientific worker)
2. Galen- wrote 150 books on medicin. (physician)
3. Cleopatra- roman queen who uses cosmetics
STONE AGE TECHNOLOGY
EARLIEST COMMUNITIES
Live almost entirely in small nomadic communities
Surviving in his skills in hunting and fishing
Develop in tropical latitudes, especially in Africa
Move out thence into the subtropical regions and eventually into the land mass of Eurasia.
NEOLITIC REVOLUTION
Increase in population
Bigger in community
Beginning of town life, sometimes called as New Neolitic Revolution
Primitive man used: wood, bone, fur, leaves , grasses.
STONE
-materials that gives its name and technological unity
-became tools only when they were shaped deliberately for specific purposes and for this to be done efficiently.
FLINT
-became tools only when they were shaped deliberately for specific purposes and for this to be done efficiently.
FLINT
- became a very popular stone for this purpose although fine sand stones and certain volcanic
rocks were also widely used.
STONE
rocks were also widely used.
STONE
- clay and bricks, animal skin, metallic oxide
FIRE
FIRE
- was the most important contribution of pre-historic to power technology
TOOLS AND WEAPONS
Stone – headed spear
The harpoon
Bow and arrow
TOOLS AND WEAPONS
Stone – headed spear
The harpoon
Bow and arrow
OTHER DEVICES INVENTED
Potters wheel
-driven by kicks from the operator
Wheels
Wheels
-gave continuous rotary movement in one direction
Drill and the lathe
Drill and the lathe
- derived from the bow and had the effect of spinning the drill piece.
FOOD PRODUCTION
Paleolitic
- gathering, fishing and hunting
Neolitic
Neolitic
- agriculture, and animal husbandry.
BUILDING TECHNIQUES
Impressive structure were created
Primary tombs
Burial, mounds and religious edifices
Sun-dried bricks for domestic housing.
MANUFACTURING
Grinding corn ( quern)- transport and communication
Baking clay (pottery)
Spinning and weaving textiles
Dyeing , fermenting ,and distilling
Gold, silver, copper, tin
Domestication of animals
Dugout canoe and brick- bark canoe.
THE URBAN REVOLUTION (3000-500 B.C.)
A very important cultural transition began.
Generated new needs and resources and accompanied by a significant increase in a technological innovation.
The beginning of the invention of the city.
CATEGORIES IN THE URBAN REVOLUTION.
I. Craftsmen and Scientist-
a. led to the search for the other metallic ores, to the development and encouragement of trade in order to secure scientific metals ;
b. Rise of the first civilization
c. Summerian Astronomers.
Plotted the motion of heavenly bodies
Based calculations about calendar
Relationship between science and technology have emerged
II. COPPER AND BRONZE- Goldsmith the technique of heating the metal in credible over a strong fire and casting it into simple clay or stone
BRONZE- is the most important materials of the early civilization.
III. SEA TRNSPORATION – progress from sailing ship to vessels
IV. IRRIGATION- development of systematic irrigation
V. Urban manufacturing
Centered products such as:
Pottery
Wine
Oil
Cosmetics
-these products became the commodities traded of metals
SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY- started in the kitchen
WHEELED VEHICLES- primarily provided by animals ; chariot- during war it has appeared as a weapon
BUILDING- used sun-dried bricks ; Sumerians – first to built columns with bricks; Egyptians- used stones to construct pyramids and temples.
SCIENCE OF CHEMISTRY- started in the kitchen
WHEELED VEHICLES- primarily provided by animals ; chariot- during war it has appeared as a weapon
BUILDING- used sun-dried bricks ; Sumerians – first to built columns with bricks; Egyptians- used stones to construct pyramids and temples.
ISLAMIC SCIENCE
Islamis culture is the most relevant to European science.
Greek -> Arabic -> Latin -> Hebrew
The Arabic culture and language spread afar : to Portugal, in the west and the frontiers of China in the east and over many degrees of latitude.
The most characteristic Arabic scientific developments were in: Alchemy, Math, Astronomyand Astrology, Medicine.
ALCHEMY
Medieval chemical art whose principal objectives were to find the panacea and to transmute based metals into gold.
RHAZES
- makes the earliest known suggestions for furnishing chemical laboratory.
MATH
Arabic Numerals
MATH
Arabic Numerals
- an Indian system of numerical notation during the ninth century. It was invented in India, passed through Persia to Arabs, and was introduced in Europe in the tenth century
Persian Mohammad Ibn al- Khwarizmi, is the Persian Mohammad where algorism, which is medieval word for arithmetic came from. He also develop the process of rectification.
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
Constant preoccupation of the Islamic word. It was develop in Spain. Cordova- southern Spain; Toledo– central Spain.
TOLEDAN- the tables of proposition of stars which were drawn up in 1080.
PTOLEMIC- was replaced by these concentric system
Persian Mohammad Ibn al- Khwarizmi, is the Persian Mohammad where algorism, which is medieval word for arithmetic came from. He also develop the process of rectification.
ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY
Constant preoccupation of the Islamic word. It was develop in Spain. Cordova- southern Spain; Toledo– central Spain.
TOLEDAN- the tables of proposition of stars which were drawn up in 1080.
PTOLEMIC- was replaced by these concentric system
MEDICINE
Rhazes- made the first distinction between measles and smallpox
Avicenna- Persian philosopher and physician, called the Prince of Physicians
The greatest Arabic contribution to Medicine is the introduction of the new vegetable drugs.
INDIAN SCIENCE
The Indian Civilization is about the oldest, still alive and it achieve a high level of technology of an early stage. The Science and Technology in India has something to do with ff:
- Agriculture
- India Astrology
- Zinc Metallurgy
- Mathematics List of Indian Invention and Discoveries Atonism
- According to Democritus the term Atomos means uncuttable, or the smallest invisible particle of matter.
- Dharmakirti and Dignaga, they consider atoms to be:
1. point size
2. duration less
3. made of energy Chandrasekhar limit and Chandrasekhar numbers.
- Discovered by the name after Subramanyan chandrasekhar, received novelty prize in physics. Universe
- the earliest known philosophical models of the universe found in Vedas. Indigo
- use as a dye in India Firearms
- by the 16th century India were manufacturing a diverse variety of firearms.
CHINESE SCIENCE
-silk road an ancient trade route linking China with Rome Important Person Marco Pol0
-Venetian traveler and author, whose account of his travels and experiences in China offered Europeans a first hand view of Asian land and stimulated interests in Asian trade. Zu Chongzhi
- 15h century mathematician who calculated "pi" to the 7th digit Liu Ju-Hsieh
- mathematician who discovered Pascal's Triangle. Tao Ch'ien - a famous poet and philosopher who influenced the idea to discover an elixir and the science of medicine.
Four Great Inventions
Magnetic Compass
Printing Press
Gun Powder
Paper Making
Other Inventions Astronomy Mathematics Military Medicine.
Wednesday, August 11, 2010
HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
PHILOSOPHY
-science of theory
-formulated ideas base from science
Science and Philosophy differs in:
-science of theory
-formulated ideas base from science
Science and Philosophy differs in:
- approach
- scope
- nature
Function of Philosophy
- to carefully examine and criticize the conclusions of all sciences
- to synthesized findings
- to harmonized and bring in other sciences together.
Two major categories of Philosophy
-Theoretical Philosophy, directs itself to knowing things without thinking of application.
- metaphysics
- ontology
- cosmology
- theodicy
- psychology
- epistemology
-PracticalPhilosohy, directs its concern which are useful.
- semantics
- logic
- ethics
- axiology
- aesthetics
ANALYSIS
-from the greek word 'analusis' meaning to breakdown
-a process of breakingdown topic to understand well
Three main ways of Forming analysis
- explication- taking part by part
- redefinition- simplifying term
- illustration- taking its opposite meaning
KNOWLEDGE
-defined as expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience and education
Four matters of facts:
- something exist
- can be known
- smething w/c matter
- something including the foregoing statment
Other sources of knowledge
- customs and tradition
- sense perception
- intuition
PERCEPTION
-a process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information.
THOUGHT
-act of thinking, which one thinks, opinions or reflection
CONCEPTS
-habits of expectation, serves as a representation of an object.
LANGUAGE
-an abstract system of word meaning and symbols of all aspect of culture. it includes character, numerals and symbols, gesture etc.
Three ingredients of Situation
- object
- sign
- interpreter
CLASSIFICATION
-distinction, identification, and organization of 2 or more object.
Plato's Theories of Universals
- universalia in re- universals in the things
- universalia ante rem- universals before the things
- universalia post rem- universals after the things
Four different types of Similarity
- genetic similarity
- structural similarity
- functional similarity
- apparent similarity
DEFINITION
-statement of the essential properties of a certain thing.
Kinds of Definition
- lexical definition
- extentional definition
- intentional definition
- contextual defintion
- stipulative definition
- ostensive definotion
- precising dfinition
- operational definition
AXIOM AND THEOREM
-axiom or postulate is a proposition that is not proved
-theorem is a statement w/c has been proven
-axiomatic system is a set of axiom
Characteristicsof axiomatic system
- independent
- complete
- consistent
Wednesday, July 28, 2010
The philosophy of science is concerned with the assumptions, foundations, methods and implications of science. In addition to these central problems for science as a whole, many philosophers of science consider these problems as they apply to particular sciences (e.g. philosophy of biology or philosophy of physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to draw philosophical morals.
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